Journal of Al-Rafidain University College For Sciences ( Print ISSN: 1681-6870 ,Online ISSN: 2790-2293 )
Journal of AL-Rafidain University College for Sciences (JRUCS) is a semiannual scientific journal. (JRUCS) was released for the first time in 1998. It is a multidisciplinary Journal issued by Al-Rafidain University College. It is a refereed and accredited peer-reviewed open access international journal. The journal publishes academic and applied papers dealing with recent topics and scientific concepts. Accepted papers will be freely downloaded by professors, researchers, instructors, students, and interested workers (Open Access). Published Papers are registered and indexed in the universal libraries. JRUCS issued semiannually with Two issues per year The journal can also consider a special issue for the purpose of avoiding delay or to publish a special issue for the conference. JRUCS is an open access journal, therefore there are no fees required for downloading any publication from the journal website by authors, readers, and institutions. The journal applies the license of CC BY (a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license). For more information please follow the link https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
Tsallis Entropy Perspective on Multivariate Controlled Autoregressive Fractional Integrated Moving Average System
In this study, we have investigated Tsallis entropy of a multivariate controlled autoregressive fractional integrated moving average (MCARFIMA) system. A characteristic function of this system state is derived using the corresponding its residual characteristic functions. Furthermore, an analytical expression for the Tsallis entropy of system process is established under independent condition between the control process and moving average. An algorithm is proposed to calculate the values of Tsallis entropy of system process when it is influenced by Gaussian and Cauchy processes. The results are discussed and analyzed to demonstrate the fractional integrated on the system’s informational structure and dynamical behaviour. Finally, an example is given to illustrative the proposed algorithm and information behaviour of proposed system under Gaussian process.
Tsallis entropy, MCARFIMA system, Gaussian processes, Cauchy process, characteristic function.
The Impact of Brand Experience on Customer Flourishing – An Empirical Study on Earthlink Customers
This study aims to understand the function of brand experience (BE) in fostering customer flourishing (CF) among EarthLink clients. The study's problem was framed as central research: "Is there a role for brand experience (BE) in consumer flourishing?" and sought to discover the character of this relationship. Two primary hypotheses were developed to examine the connection. A questionnaire was used as the primary device for the facts series and evaluation, and it underwent reliability and validity checking. The sample consisted of 200 respondents who are customers of the organization. To examine the facts, statistical software, together with SPSS and Excel, was employed. The statistical techniques implemented included arithmetic mean, frequencies, coefficient of variation, standard deviation, importance ratio, Spearman's correlation coefficient, and simple linear regression. The study reached several key conclusions, most notably that brand experience has a robust and widespread correlation and effect on customer flourishing. In comparison between the dimensions of the BE, the role of its dimensions according to importance through the coefficient of variation is according to the sequence (sensory, behavioral, emotional, and intellectual experience).
Brand Experience (BE), Customer Flourishing (CF), Earthlink Customers
Role of Technology Capabilities in Supporting Financial Performance/Analytical Study of the Opinions of a Sample of Employees of Public Company of Electronic Industries in Baghdad Governorate
The research aims to identify technological capabilities’ role in supporting financial performance/analytical study of views of a sample of employees of public electronic industries companies in Baghdad governorate. sample perception regarding the concept of technological susceptibility in supporting and enhancing financial performance was identified. (64) From the study community of individuals employed by the public company for Electronic Industries, identification was used as a tool for gathering information consisting of (20) a paragraph (13) a paragraph on technological diversity, technological assets, and efficiency, and (7) a paragraph on financial performance, implemented by means of SPSS V23. Data were processed, to test the study hypotheses. Analytical Descriptive Curriculum was used. Among the study results, the most significant finding was the high significant relationship between the study variables and the Publicl Company for Electronic Industries. Also, the absence of statistically significant differences in the perception of the degree of companies under study towards technological vulnerability ascribed to personal characteristics for the respondents of the study sample, and thus, it does not reflect on the findings of the study. In light of these results, a number of recommendations were formulated to steer financial performance support through the adoption of technological ability dimensions.
Technological abilities, technological diversity, technological assets, technological efficiency, financial performance.
Evaluating the Performance Efficiency of the Iraqi Cement Company through Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA): A Quantitative Assessment
Background The General Company for the Cement Industry in Iraq seeks to encourage cement consumption. It is essential to utilize the resources of existing manufacturing industries and the technologies more be efficiently to Obtaining demand. Therefore, researchers sought to assess the efficiency of the cement industry at the company level in Iraq. Method and materials The cobb-Douglas stochastic frontier analysis ( SFA ) , methods are used. Data were obtained and that it taken by the Iraqi general cement company thirteen factories Result The efficiency rate was achieved that at 63 % which means that the rate is average and can that work must be done to improve low -efficiency factories . Factory No. 4 in Basra was the most efficient, with an ideal technical efficiency of 0.99936599 ≈ 1, while Factory No. 10 in Muthanna was highly efficient, with an efficiency of 0.94064895. Similarly, Factory No. 5, Kufa, recorded an efficiency of 0.92725490, as did Factory No. 8, Badush AL- tousieea, recorded an efficiency of 0.87543953. Conclusions Preferably use of SFA to identify competencies that in that the industrial and to get in efficiency in cement the production, should focus on improving technical efficiency while focusing on the selection of appropriate technologies and optimal utilization of resources in proportion to the scale of work.
Technical Efficiency (TE), Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA), Cobb Douglas function, OLS regression ,
Legal Threats Arising from the Military Use of Satellites in International Conflicts: A Comparative Study of the Domestic Legislation of Russia, the United States, and Iraq
This study examines the domestic legislation of Russia, the United States, and Iraq and how it responds to the legal challenges arising from the military use of satellites in international conflicts. The results showed that the space domain is no longer limited to scientific and peaceful uses, but has turned into a complex conflict environment in which space technologies are used for reconnaissance, surveillance, and military operations of an offensive and defensive nature. This shift poses profound legal challenges concerning the determination of international responsibility, the limits of legitimate use, and mechanisms for oversight and accountability. The study concludes that it is essential to develop national legislative frameworks that are consistent with international space law and international humanitarian law. This ensures the reduction of escalating legal risks and achieves a balance between national security and the requirements of international peace and security.
Military use of satellites, International conflicts, International space law, National legislation, State responsibility, Space security, Legal threats
Impact of Brand Equity on Common Stock Prices
This study aims to analyze the impact of brand equity on common stock prices, applied to the Baghdad Soft Drinks Company during the period (2004–2012). It explores the relationship between the financial value of brand ownership and financial performance represented by stock prices, using regression analysis and statistical tools (SPSS). The results indicated no significant relationship between brand equity and stock prices, reflecting the weak influence of marketing activities in the Iraqi financial market due to the local business environment. The study recommends enhancing the concept of brand equity as an intangible financial asset and adopting effective marketing strategies to increase corporate value in the stock market.
Brand Equity, Market Value, Common Stock Prices, Financial Performance, Baghdad Soft Drinks Company
The Effect of Management Information Systems on Enhancing Organizational Performance
This study aims to analyze the effect of Management Information Systems (MIS) on enhancing organizational performance through an applied investigation of the perspectives of employees at the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research in Erbil, Kurdistan, Iraq. The study is based on the hypothesis that the implementation of highly efficient MIS can contribute to improving the effectiveness of organizational performance. To achieve this, a theoretical framework was developed comprising five dimensions representing the components of MIS: hardware, software, processes, data, and personnel. The study measured the impact of these dimensions on organizational performance using correlation analysis and linear regression. A quantitative research was adopted, and data were collected through a structured questionnaire distributed to a sample of 250 employees from various functional levels within the ministry, after verifying the instrument's validity and reliability. The results revealed statistically significant positive correlations between all MIS components and organizational performance. The direct causal effect was limited to the "data" and "personnel" dimensions, while the "hardware," "software," and "processes" dimensions did not exhibit a significant direct effect. Furthermore, the findings indicated that MIS accounts for approximately 46.9% of the variance in organizational performance. Based on these results, the study recommends focusing on enhancing data quality and improving employee competencies, in addition to reviewing the mechanisms for activating and utilizing the system's technical components to ensure their tangible impact on performance. The study also suggests conducting future research across different sectors and expanding the theoretical model to include mediating and moderating variables, thereby deepening the understanding of the relationship between MIS and organizational performance.
Management Information Systems, Organizational Performance, Performance Improvement, Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research, Kurdistan, Iraq
Measuring Community Service Indicators in Organizations According to Quality Standards - A Case Study at Ashur Private University
This study aims to measure and evaluate the availability of community service indicators at Ashur Private University, identify strengths and weaknesses in light of these indicators, and present an improvement plan based on the PDCA Cycle. The study's problem lies in the lack of attention to community service indicators and the weak provision of community service at the university (the research area). The researcher adopted a case study approach, where data was collected using a checklist containing a seven-point scale designed according to community service indicators. The research results revealed a gap in implementation between the university's reality and the community service indicators. The implementation rate of these indicators reached (35%), while the total gap reached (65%). This is due to the lack of attention to the availability of these requirements. The study recommends the need to focus on community service indicators by establishing cooperation between university members and community institutions, and striving to establish activities and initiatives by providing the necessary resources.
Community service, community service quality indicators, PDCA Cycle.
The Use of ABC Analysis and the Estimation of the Economic Order Quantity for Inventory With Application
This research aims to analyze the inventory of raw materials in one of the warehouses of Diyala General Company. A total of 345 materials were examined, which are used for the production of power transformers, while some are utilized for maintenance purposes. The materials were classified using Pareto’s ABC analysis into three categories: Category A includes 38 materials, accounting for 10% of the inventory but representing 75% of the total inventory value, making them the most critical Category B consists of 71 materials, which make up 20% of the inventory and contribute to 18% of the total inventory value, making them of medium importance. Category C comprises 254 materials, representing 69% of the inventory but only 5% of the total inventory value, making them the least significant. The study also calculates the inventory value and the inventory turnover ratio to assess inventory management efficiency. Additionally, the Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) method is applied to determine the optimal order quantity for purchasing raw materials, components, and spare parts. The goal is to maintain an ideal stock level, preventing excess or shortage of essential materials, thereby minimizing financial losses and material deterioration.
Raw materials for the production of power transformers for Diyala General Company, ABC analysis, Inventory value (IV), Inventory turnover ratio (ITOR), Economic order quantity (EOQ)
The Role of Administrative Leadership in Crisis Management in Schools - Schools in Baghdad Education Directorates as An Example
this research sought to understand the impact of administrative leadership in responding to crises in schools, analyze how this leadership responds to potential crises in schools, identify the factors that contribute to the success of crisis leadership in schools, and improve effective leadership plans for managing crises in schools. The descriptive analytical approach was used, and the data was entered into the SPSS program, and the research resulted in many results, such as the following: There is an impact of administrative leadership in crisis management, and there is an impact of decision-making in crisis management. There is also a strong effect of the relationship with leaders on crisis management, and there is a good effect of leadership and management on crisis management, in addition to a strong effect of the quality of administrative decision on crisis management.
administrative leadership, schools, management, crises
The Impact of Adopting International Standard on Auditing No.701 on Transparency of Financial Reports
This research aims to analyze the application of International Standard on Auditing (ISA) 701, the communication of key audit matters, and the resulting impact on the transparency of financial reporting. By examining the actual application of this standard, it is evident that the disclosure of key audit matters (KAM) significantly enhances the clarity and transparency of financial reporting. This disclosure helps investors and stakeholders better understand the challenges and risks related to the company, increasing confidence in financial reports and auditors. This standard also contributes to improving communication between auditors, management, and governance stakeholders, reducing misunderstandings and enhancing mutual trust. By disclosing key matters, ambiguity and conflicts in financial information can be reduced, facilitating informed decisions based on accurate and reliable information. The research makes recommendations, including providing training programs for auditors, strengthening communication channels between auditors and management, improving financial reporting, promoting transparency, periodically reviewing and updating accounting policies, and finally encouraging auditors to share feedback with management to improve the quality of financial reporting.
International Standard on Auditing (ISA) 701, Key Audit Matters, Transparency of Financial Reporting
Changes in Accounting Policies and Their Impact on the Cost of Capital: An Analytical Study in the Stock Market
The study aims to demonstrate the change in accounting policies and its impact on the cost of capital in Iraqi companies. It seeks to review an important topic, namely, changes in accounting policies, by presenting a conceptual introduction to accounting policies and how they affect financial reports prepared by companies and the cost of capital, as well as the correlation and impact between changes in accounting policies and the cost of capital. The Iraq Stock Exchange was chosen as a sample because it has a mechanism for listing companies from all sectors. All sectors operating in the market were included, with 32 listed companies from seven sectors. The study's timeframe was limited to the financial reports of the sampled companies for the fiscal years 2015-2020 within the spatial limits of the Iraq Stock Exchange. After delving into the practical and theoretical aspects of the study, it was concluded that there is a statistically significant negative relationship between changes in accounting policies and the cost of capital, as increased changes in policies reduce the cost of capital. The study recommends that those responsible for establishing and developing the stock market, as well as relevant academic and professional bodies, study the accounting requirements of that market in general, and the level of disclosure in particular, and work to achieve that. The researcher noted that most studies and seminars dedicated to establishing and developing the stock market focused on its regulatory, legislative, and legal requirements, neglecting its accounting requirements and the need to issue local standards that support and enhance transparency in disclosure for companies listed on the Iraq Stock Exchange
Accounting policies, stock market, cost of capital
The Role of Information Management in Improving Employee Performance and Productivity: A Field Study of Applying the SCADA Model in the Iraqi Industrial Sector – The Electrical Industries Company as a Case Study
The main objective of the research is to illustrate the role of information management, represented by the SCADA model, in enhancing workers’ performance and productivity in the Iraqi Electrical Industries Co. The descriptive analytical method was used, and a questionnaire was distributed to the sample. Then, data was entered and analyzed in SPSS. However, the research community includes several administrative levels of the Iraqi industrial sector, and the sample number was 184 workers in the Iraqi Electrical Industries Co. Finally, the most important recommendation is to train workers on how to use advanced technology and apply it in all fields.
Information management, performance, productivity, competitivity, creativity, job satisfaction
The Impact of Strategic Intelligence on Achieving Sustainable Competitive Advantage in Iraqi Universities Field Study University of Baghdad
The study objective is to clarify the impact of strategic intelligence on achieving sustainable competitive advantage at the University of Baghdad. The descriptive analytical approach was used. Furthermore, a questionnaire was relied on as a tool for measuring and collecting data. The most important results are that administrators have a clear ability and great self confidence to read and analyze the future and its changes, and respondents focus on external partnerships more than internal ones. The study’s most important recommendations include the need for a special department specialized in foresight at the University of Baghdad that studies and analyzes the external market and competitors, determines the current competitiveness, and stimulates work motivation and achievement among university employees.
Strategic Intelligence, Sustainable Competitive Advantage, foresight, motivation, creativity, innovation
The Role of Strategic Intelligence in Enhancing Management Development A Field Study in Asiacell Company for Communications in Iraq
The study aims to demonstrate the role of strategic intelligence determinants in promoting management development in Asiacell Co. for communication in Iraq. The descriptive analytical approach is used. The study community consists of the company administrators, and a questionnaire is adopted as a tool for measuring and collecting data, which is distributed to a sample of 184 administrators. The most important results of the study are There is a positive impact of strategic intelligence, represented by its five determinants future vision, foresight, motivation, systematic thinking, and partnership, on enhancing management development at Asiacell Co. for Communications; administrators have a great ability and self-confidence to read and analyze the future and its changes. However, the study recommends the necessity of founding a special department of foresight in the company, developing an effective and fair motivation system, and enhancing individuals’ skills and talents via training courses, as well as the motivation process being carried out efficiently.
strategic intelligence, management development, foresight, vision،motivation
The Impact of Bank Deposits on the Rate of Return in the Trade Bank of Iraq During 2014-2021
The aims of this study is to measure the impact of bank deposits on the rate of return, the case study of the Trade Bank of Iraq for the period (2014-2021). The rate of return was studied as a dependent variable, and bank deposits as an independent variable
Deposits, Rate of Return, Bank, Trade, Iraq .
Requirements for Knowledge Management Systems According to the ISO 30401:2018 Standard and its Role in Enhancing High Performance Work Systems - Applied Research in the General Foodstuff Trade Company - Iraqi Ministry Of Commerce
The current research focuses on testing the impact of knowledge management system requirements according to the standard specification ISO30401:2018 with its dimensions (leadership, planning, support, process, and improvement) in enhancing high-performance work systems with its dimensions (selective recruitment, intensive training, performance evaluation, career path opportunities, and employee participation) in the General Company for Foodstuffs Trading affiliated with the Iraqi Ministry of Trade. To achieve this goal, a questionnaire was prepared and distributed to the research sample that included employees with the title “M. Manager” from the fourth grade and above, amounting to 235 employees out of the community of 518 employees. A set of descriptive and analytical statistics was relied upon, represented by percentages, standard deviation, arithmetic mean, and relative importance, through the use of statistical programs (SPSS, Amos 26). The results proved the validity of the research hypothesis that there is a positive impact of knowledge management system requirements in enhancing high-performance work systems.
Analytical Study on Date Production in the Governorates of Iraq Using a Split Plot Design
Dates are among the most important national resources due to their numerous health benefits and significant economic value. Recently, their importance has declined due to a decrease in production quantities. This can be attributed to several factors, including a lack of attention to date palm cultivation and the circumstances experienced by some governorates, which led to a clear variation in production between them. Therefore, this research focuses on comparing the central and southern governorates of Iraq, namely Diala, Baghdad, Babylon, Kerbala, Wasit, Al-Najaf, Al-Qadisiya, Al-Muthanna, Thi-Qar, Mysan, and Basrah. The research compares the average production of each date palm variety (Zahdi, Khistawi, Sayer, Khadrawi, Hillawi, Deary, and others) over consecutive periods (2016-2020). The split-plot design was employed, a factorial empirical design that includes two or more factors. The research concluded that there are significant differences between the Iraqi governorates in terms of date palm production quantities and varieties.
Split Plot Design, Completely Randomized Blocks, Multiple Comparisons, Lest Significant Difference.
The Use of Cone Projections and Quadratic programming in Estimation of Constrained Regression
Statisticians often use regression models like parametric, nonparametric, and semi-parametric models to represent economic and social phenomena. These models explain the relationships between different variables in these phenomena. One of the parametric model techniques is conic projection regression. It helps to find the most important slopes for multidimensional data using prior information about the regression's parameters to estimate the most efficient estimator. R algorithms, written in the R language, simplify this complex method. These algorithms are based on quadratic programming, which makes the estimations more accurate.
Constrained regression, Hinge algorithm, inequality constraints, cone, Least Squares, conic projections, Quadratic programming
Digital Finance and its Impact on Financial Inclusion
The research aims to demonstrate the level of development of digital finance by the Central Bank of Iraq and its impact on financial inclusion in Iraq. The researchers have adopted the descriptive analytical approach by subjecting the data published by the Central Bank, the subject of the research, to statistical analysis to demonstrate the relationship between the research variables and prove its hypotheses. The research is based on the following two hypotheses: The first hypothesis: The digital finance variable is significantly related to the financial inclusion variable. The second hypothesis: Digital finance has a significant impact on the dependent variable, financial inclusion, at the overall level of the two study variables. The research reached a set of conclusions, the most prominent of which is that financial inclusion is linked to many stakeholders, from policy makers and regulators to the private sector, including employers, educational systems, communities and individuals. In this context, it is the responsibility of policymakers and regulators to ensure an open environment for financial services, from predictable laws and regulations to sound and accessible physical infrastructure. There is also a correlation and influence between the research variables The research also concluded with a set of recommendations, the most prominent of which are: Promoting digital financial services as a priority to drive the development of inclusive financial systems, through coordinated national strategies and action plans, monitoring and evaluation. Providing an enabling and proportionate legal and regulatory framework for digital financial inclusion, taking into account the standards and guidelines of relevant international bodies and standards.
Financial technology, financial inclusion, digital finance, financial stability
The Impact of Promotion in Improving Sales Levels for Iraqi Telecommunications Companies - A Field Study
The research aimed to determine the impact of promotion on improving sales levels in the telecommunications companies sector in Iraq through the use of modern and advanced technologies in communicating with customers. The descriptive analytical approach was relied upon to complete the research, and the questionnaire was used as a tool for research and collecting primary data. The sample included 384 workers in mobile phone companies in Iraq, namely Atheer, Asia Cell, Korek, and Itisaluna. We then analyzed the data using the SPSS 25 program for statistical analysis. The research reached the following results: there is a significant impact of promotion on improving sales levels in Iraqi telecommunications; there is a significant impact of advertising on improving sales levels in Iraqi telecommunications; there is a significant impact of personal selling on improving sales levels in Iraqi telecommunications; and there is a significant impact of direct marketing on improving sales levels in Iraqi telecommunications.
Human Resources Management Strategies and Their Role in Promoting Occupational Safety - A Case Study in the Iraqi Geological Survey
The study aims to determine the importance of human resource management strategies in enhancing occupational safety in the Iraqi Geological Survey Authority. It relied on the descriptive analytical approach as a general research method. The questionnaire was utilized as a basic tool to complete the fieldwork by distributing it to a deliberate sample of employees in the Iraqi Geological Survey Authority, numbering 390 individuals. The responses obtained were then analyzed using the SPSS 25 statistical analysis program. The researcher reached several findings, the most important of which is the existence of an impact of human resource management strategies on enhancing occupational safety in the Iraqi Geological Survey Authority. In light of the results, the researcher recommends requiring all employees to wear protective clothing for work, providing all machines and equipment with appropriate means of protection for the nature of the work, and performing preventive maintenance permanently.
Human Resource Management Strategies, Human Resources, Occupational Safety, Geological Survey Authority, Ministry of Industry and Minerals.
The Impact of Marketing Information System on Product Development - A Survey Study of the Opinions of A Sample of Employees at Baghdad Soft Drinks Company
This research seeks to diagnose the correlation between the marketing information system and its dimensions (internal data, marketing intelligence system, marketing research system) and product development in its dimensions (functional and design specifications of the product, design testing, market entry, evaluation) as an analytical survey research in (Baghdad Soft Drinks Company) located in Baghdad as the study site. The research problem lies in the weak application of the marketing information system by the company's senior management, and the weak interest of these managers in the role that this system achieves in reducing costs and providing a large financial return in a way that contributes to increasing productivity and enhancing product development in the company. In order to obtain data and information, the questionnaire was relied upon, and the statistical program (SPSS) was used to analyze the data for the research variables. The research came out with a number of results, the most important of which is the existence of an average correlation between the marketing information system and product development at the overall level in the company under study. The research reached a number of conclusions and recommendations, the most important of which is the company's weak reliance on the marketing information system in adopting new mechanisms and techniques to enhance product development. The most important recommendations are to use the marketing information system with quick and easy translation of market needs for products to enhance product development.
Marketing Information System, Product Development, Marketing intelligence system, marketing research, internal data.
Academic Rational Ideas and their Relationship to Quality of Life Using Canonical Correlation among University Students
In the context of academics, the term "rational ideas" refers to concepts that, in addition to assisting a man in accomplishing his objectives, also contribute to satisfaction. The wants and priorities that are associated with a goal are included in these generalizations, which are tied to what has been shown via experimentation. The application was carried out by Iraqi University, Al-Rafidain University College, and the University of Baghdad with 71 males and 129 female students. The study sample consisted of 200 individual university students, both male and female. 82 male and female students from the scientific specialty were included in the research sample, and 118 male and female students from the humanitarian specialization were included in the research sample. Both of these numbers constitute the total number of participants in the study sample. There are no statistically significant differences in academic logical thoughts according to the gender variable (males and females), and there are also no statistically significant differences in quality-of-life ideas according to the gender variable males vs. females. This conclusion was supported by the findings of the study.
Academic rational ideas, quality of life, university students, canonical connection
Exchange Balance Rules in Iraqi Trade Law No. 30 of 1984
Is that the requirements of speed in commercial work raised fears of exposing private interests to danger, so the importance of having controls also emerged, which take into account at the same time the necessity of speed and preserving the interests of others. From here came the idea of ​​balance between the parties to a commercial transaction, and this applies to the morphological rules for commercial papers, or what is expressed as the exchange law, which regulates the provisions of commercial papers, as the Iraqi legislator made special rules regulating the provisions of commercial papers and everything related to them in Articles 39-184, and these rules are governed, in addition to the principles referred to above, by other principles, including formality, independence of signatures, strictness on the debtor to fulfill the amount of the commercial paper, and the principle of self-sufficiency. These last principles, in their entirety, are considered a departure from the general rules in civil law. The importance of the research lies in clarifying the legislative rules that enable knowing the rules of balance between the parties to the morphological relationship in the face of the strictness of the rules against some of the parties to this relationship, as we found it necessary to clarify these rules and what is decided in the interest of any party of the morphological obligation and at any stage of the process. Commitment stages can be applied. Our research also contributed to clarifying the concept and specificity of morphological rules, the legal basis of the morphological obligation, and what are the most important characteristics that characterize this obligation, and finally explaining the morphological rules established for the benefit of each party to the morphological obligation.
Commercial papers, Mortgage obligation, Mortgage obligation rules, Mortgage law, The rule of not adhering to defenses, The principle of self-sufficiency, The principle of resignation of signatures, The principle of strictness to fulfill the morphological obligation
The Role of Enlightened Marketing in Building Customer Insight: An Analytical Study of the Opinions of A Sample of Employees at the Global Smart Card Company (Qi-Card)
This research aims to test the relationship between enlightened marketing and its dimensions (targeted marketing, innovative marketing, value marketing, social marketing, and mission marketing) and building customer insight. The research attempts to answer the research questions about how enlightened marketing can contribute to building customer insight and what the most effective dimensions are to achieve this. Does the company, the research site, rely on the philosophy of enlightened marketing in marketing its services? The global company (Qi Card) was chosen as the site for implementing the research. The research sample consisted of 137 employees in the company who were chosen intentionally. The questionnaire was used to collect data. The research relied on the descriptive analytical approach and a program was used to analyze the research data. The research concluded that there is a relationship of influence and correlation between enlightened marketing and its dimensions in customer insight and that enlightened marketing primarily seeks to achieve the well-being of the consumer and society and add value to products and services in the long term. This can only be achieved by understanding the needs and desires of customers using customer insight.
enlightened marketing; Customer insight; Innovative marketing; Value marketing; Social marketing; Mission marketing.
Brand Building in Light of Hidden Marketing - An Exploratory Study of the Opinions of A Sample of Customers of the Baghdad Soft Drinks Company
The research seeks to discover the nature of the relationship between branding and hidden marketing and understand customers’ response to hidden marketing techniques, as well as provide a practical framework that serves relevant companies to improve brand-building strategies in light of hidden marketing. The problem has been formulated by answering the following question: Is there a role for hidden marketing in building the brand? A random sample of 201 individuals who consumed soft drinks from Pepsi Baghdad Company was chosen. The questionnaire was adopted as a tool for collecting data, and the statistical analysis program SPSS v26 and the Smart PLS4 program were used to analyze the data and reach results. Research The research’s most important conclusion is the existence of a correlation and a moral impact between hidden marketing and brand building. And The most important recommendation is the necessity of enhancing reliance on hidden marketing mechanisms to build a distinct brand.
Intelligent Methods for Estimating Hidden Markov Model Parameters
Hidden Markov models (HMMs) are stochastic models that were initially applied as statistical models for speech and handwriting recognition because of their great ability to adapt to the problem and their skill in dealing with sequential signals. With the development of techniques, tools, and methods for estimating the parameters of the hidden Markov model, attention may turn to smart methods due to their importance and wide use among researchers. Two algorithms were taken, namely the Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) algorithm and the Bees Colony Optimization (BCO) algorithm. They were applied to an important field at present, which is cyber security, where we addressed one of the threats that pose a danger, which is the Advanced Persistent Threat (APT). The results showed the flexibility in dealing with this type of algorithm for cyber security problems by clarifying the nature of the transitions between the two model states and the emissions that come from each hidden state. It is worth noting that a comparison of the results was made using the two comparison standards, Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) and Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC), and we found that the best method was the results of the bee colony algorithm.
Hidden Markov model, ant colony algorithm, bee colony algorithm, cyber security, advanced persistent threat.
The Role of Market Segmentation in Achieving Competitive Advantage Applied Research at the General Company for Leather Industries
This study deals with market segmentation and their role in competitive advantage it concentrates on one section of management levels in the studied company, which is that of administrative managers. The objective of research is to attempt to study and analyses the contribution level of market segmentation and their role in competitive advantage. The study aims at achieving a number of cognitive and applicable goals depending on two major hypotheses and other minor ones I mad use of questionnaire of collecting the data and information relating to the study, which was distributed to a sample of (18) department managers and beads of section state company. In order to process the data , I resorted to many statistical methods , such as the arithmetic mean, the standard deviation, the coefficient link , the slop. The statistical methods have shown a number of results the most obvious of which may be the presence of amoral link between of market segmentation and competitive advantage. As to discussion of results the practical study emphasis on the attention required for the market segmentation dimensions and those of competitive advantage desired
Market segmentation, competitive advantage, market segmentation foundations, segmentation criteria, dimensions of competitive advantage
Utilizing the Error Correction Model to Investigate the Impact of Fluctuations in Bank Deposits on the Money Supply
This paper assesses the impact of changes and fluctuations in bank deposits on the money supply in Iraq. Employing the research constructs an Error Correction Model (ECM) using monthly time series data from 2010 to 2015. The analysis begins with the Phillips-Perron unit root test to ascertain the stationarity of the time series and the Engle and Granger cointegration test to examine the existence of a long-term relationship. Nonparametric regression functions are estimated using two methods: Smoothing Spline and M-smoothing. The results indicate that the M-smoothing approach is the most effective, achieving the shortest adjustment period and the highest adjustment ratio for short-term disturbances, thereby facilitating a return to the long-term equilibrium.
Spline, Engle and Granger, Cointegration, Philips-Perron, M Smoother, ECM.