Journal of Al-Rafidain University College For Sciences ( Print ISSN: 1681-6870 ,Online ISSN: 2790-2293 )
Journal of AL-Rafidain University College for Sciences (JRUCS) is a semiannual scientific journal. (JRUCS) was released for the first time in 1998. It is a multidisciplinary Journal issued by Al-Rafidain University College. It is a refereed and accredited peer-reviewed open access international journal. The journal publishes academic and applied papers dealing with recent topics and scientific concepts. Accepted papers will be freely downloaded by professors, researchers, instructors, students, and interested workers (Open Access). Published Papers are registered and indexed in the universal libraries. JRUCS issued semiannually with Two issues per year The journal can also consider a special issue for the purpose of avoiding delay or to publish a special issue for the conference. JRUCS is an open access journal, therefore there are no fees required for downloading any publication from the journal website by authors, readers, and institutions. The journal applies the license of CC BY (a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license). For more information please follow the link https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
The Impact of Strategic Intelligence on Achieving Sustainable Competitive Advantage in Iraqi Universities Field Study University of Baghdad
The study objective is to clarify the impact of strategic intelligence on achieving sustainable competitive advantage at the University of Baghdad. The descriptive analytical approach was used. Furthermore, a questionnaire was relied on as a tool for measuring and collecting data. The most important results are that administrators have a clear ability and great self confidence to read and analyze the future and its changes, and respondents focus on external partnerships more than internal ones. The study’s most important recommendations include the need for a special department specialized in foresight at the University of Baghdad that studies and analyzes the external market and competitors, determines the current competitiveness, and stimulates work motivation and achievement among university employees.
Strategic Intelligence, Sustainable Competitive Advantage, foresight, motivation, creativity, innovation
The Role of Strategic Intelligence in Enhancing Management Development A Field Study in Asiacell Company for Communications in Iraq
The study aims to demonstrate the role of strategic intelligence determinants in promoting management development in Asiacell Co. for communication in Iraq. The descriptive analytical approach is used. The study community consists of the company administrators, and a questionnaire is adopted as a tool for measuring and collecting data, which is distributed to a sample of 184 administrators. The most important results of the study are There is a positive impact of strategic intelligence, represented by its five determinants future vision, foresight, motivation, systematic thinking, and partnership, on enhancing management development at Asiacell Co. for Communications; administrators have a great ability and self-confidence to read and analyze the future and its changes. However, the study recommends the necessity of founding a special department of foresight in the company, developing an effective and fair motivation system, and enhancing individuals’ skills and talents via training courses, as well as the motivation process being carried out efficiently.
strategic intelligence, management development, foresight, vision،motivation
The Impact of Bank Deposits on the Rate of Return in the Trade Bank of Iraq During 2014-2021
The aims of this study is to measure the impact of bank deposits on the rate of return, the case study of the Trade Bank of Iraq for the period (2014-2021). The rate of return was studied as a dependent variable, and bank deposits as an independent variable
Deposits, Rate of Return, Bank, Trade, Iraq .
Requirements for Knowledge Management Systems According to the ISO 30401:2018 Standard and its Role in Enhancing High Performance Work Systems - Applied Research in the General Foodstuff Trade Company - Iraqi Ministry Of Commerce
The current research focuses on testing the impact of knowledge management system requirements according to the standard specification ISO30401:2018 with its dimensions (leadership, planning, support, process, and improvement) in enhancing high-performance work systems with its dimensions (selective recruitment, intensive training, performance evaluation, career path opportunities, and employee participation) in the General Company for Foodstuffs Trading affiliated with the Iraqi Ministry of Trade. To achieve this goal, a questionnaire was prepared and distributed to the research sample that included employees with the title “M. Manager” from the fourth grade and above, amounting to 235 employees out of the community of 518 employees. A set of descriptive and analytical statistics was relied upon, represented by percentages, standard deviation, arithmetic mean, and relative importance, through the use of statistical programs (SPSS, Amos 26). The results proved the validity of the research hypothesis that there is a positive impact of knowledge management system requirements in enhancing high-performance work systems.
Analytical Study on Date Production in the Governorates of Iraq Using a Split Plot Design
Dates are among the most important national resources due to their numerous health benefits and significant economic value. Recently, their importance has declined due to a decrease in production quantities. This can be attributed to several factors, including a lack of attention to date palm cultivation and the circumstances experienced by some governorates, which led to a clear variation in production between them. Therefore, this research focuses on comparing the central and southern governorates of Iraq, namely Diala, Baghdad, Babylon, Kerbala, Wasit, Al-Najaf, Al-Qadisiya, Al-Muthanna, Thi-Qar, Mysan, and Basrah. The research compares the average production of each date palm variety (Zahdi, Khistawi, Sayer, Khadrawi, Hillawi, Deary, and others) over consecutive periods (2016-2020). The split-plot design was employed, a factorial empirical design that includes two or more factors. The research concluded that there are significant differences between the Iraqi governorates in terms of date palm production quantities and varieties.
Split Plot Design, Completely Randomized Blocks, Multiple Comparisons, Lest Significant Difference.
The Use of Cone Projections and Quadratic programming in Estimation of Constrained Regression
Statisticians often use regression models like parametric, nonparametric, and semi-parametric models to represent economic and social phenomena. These models explain the relationships between different variables in these phenomena. One of the parametric model techniques is conic projection regression. It helps to find the most important slopes for multidimensional data using prior information about the regression's parameters to estimate the most efficient estimator. R algorithms, written in the R language, simplify this complex method. These algorithms are based on quadratic programming, which makes the estimations more accurate.
Constrained regression, Hinge algorithm, inequality constraints, cone, Least Squares, conic projections, Quadratic programming
Digital Finance and its Impact on Financial Inclusion
The research aims to demonstrate the level of development of digital finance by the Central Bank of Iraq and its impact on financial inclusion in Iraq. The researchers have adopted the descriptive analytical approach by subjecting the data published by the Central Bank, the subject of the research, to statistical analysis to demonstrate the relationship between the research variables and prove its hypotheses. The research is based on the following two hypotheses: The first hypothesis: The digital finance variable is significantly related to the financial inclusion variable. The second hypothesis: Digital finance has a significant impact on the dependent variable, financial inclusion, at the overall level of the two study variables. The research reached a set of conclusions, the most prominent of which is that financial inclusion is linked to many stakeholders, from policy makers and regulators to the private sector, including employers, educational systems, communities and individuals. In this context, it is the responsibility of policymakers and regulators to ensure an open environment for financial services, from predictable laws and regulations to sound and accessible physical infrastructure. There is also a correlation and influence between the research variables The research also concluded with a set of recommendations, the most prominent of which are: Promoting digital financial services as a priority to drive the development of inclusive financial systems, through coordinated national strategies and action plans, monitoring and evaluation. Providing an enabling and proportionate legal and regulatory framework for digital financial inclusion, taking into account the standards and guidelines of relevant international bodies and standards.
Financial technology, financial inclusion, digital finance, financial stability
The Impact of Promotion in Improving Sales Levels for Iraqi Telecommunications Companies - A Field Study
The research aimed to determine the impact of promotion on improving sales levels in the telecommunications companies sector in Iraq through the use of modern and advanced technologies in communicating with customers. The descriptive analytical approach was relied upon to complete the research, and the questionnaire was used as a tool for research and collecting primary data. The sample included 384 workers in mobile phone companies in Iraq, namely Atheer, Asia Cell, Korek, and Itisaluna. We then analyzed the data using the SPSS 25 program for statistical analysis. The research reached the following results: there is a significant impact of promotion on improving sales levels in Iraqi telecommunications; there is a significant impact of advertising on improving sales levels in Iraqi telecommunications; there is a significant impact of personal selling on improving sales levels in Iraqi telecommunications; and there is a significant impact of direct marketing on improving sales levels in Iraqi telecommunications.
Human Resources Management Strategies and Their Role in Promoting Occupational Safety - A Case Study in the Iraqi Geological Survey
The study aims to determine the importance of human resource management strategies in enhancing occupational safety in the Iraqi Geological Survey Authority. It relied on the descriptive analytical approach as a general research method. The questionnaire was utilized as a basic tool to complete the fieldwork by distributing it to a deliberate sample of employees in the Iraqi Geological Survey Authority, numbering 390 individuals. The responses obtained were then analyzed using the SPSS 25 statistical analysis program. The researcher reached several findings, the most important of which is the existence of an impact of human resource management strategies on enhancing occupational safety in the Iraqi Geological Survey Authority. In light of the results, the researcher recommends requiring all employees to wear protective clothing for work, providing all machines and equipment with appropriate means of protection for the nature of the work, and performing preventive maintenance permanently.
Human Resource Management Strategies, Human Resources, Occupational Safety, Geological Survey Authority, Ministry of Industry and Minerals.
The Impact of Marketing Information System on Product Development - A Survey Study of the Opinions of A Sample of Employees at Baghdad Soft Drinks Company
This research seeks to diagnose the correlation between the marketing information system and its dimensions (internal data, marketing intelligence system, marketing research system) and product development in its dimensions (functional and design specifications of the product, design testing, market entry, evaluation) as an analytical survey research in (Baghdad Soft Drinks Company) located in Baghdad as the study site. The research problem lies in the weak application of the marketing information system by the company's senior management, and the weak interest of these managers in the role that this system achieves in reducing costs and providing a large financial return in a way that contributes to increasing productivity and enhancing product development in the company. In order to obtain data and information, the questionnaire was relied upon, and the statistical program (SPSS) was used to analyze the data for the research variables. The research came out with a number of results, the most important of which is the existence of an average correlation between the marketing information system and product development at the overall level in the company under study. The research reached a number of conclusions and recommendations, the most important of which is the company's weak reliance on the marketing information system in adopting new mechanisms and techniques to enhance product development. The most important recommendations are to use the marketing information system with quick and easy translation of market needs for products to enhance product development.
Marketing Information System, Product Development, Marketing intelligence system, marketing research, internal data.
Academic Rational Ideas and their Relationship to Quality of Life Using Canonical Correlation among University Students
In the context of academics, the term "rational ideas" refers to concepts that, in addition to assisting a man in accomplishing his objectives, also contribute to satisfaction. The wants and priorities that are associated with a goal are included in these generalizations, which are tied to what has been shown via experimentation. The application was carried out by Iraqi University, Al-Rafidain University College, and the University of Baghdad with 71 males and 129 female students. The study sample consisted of 200 individual university students, both male and female. 82 male and female students from the scientific specialty were included in the research sample, and 118 male and female students from the humanitarian specialization were included in the research sample. Both of these numbers constitute the total number of participants in the study sample. There are no statistically significant differences in academic logical thoughts according to the gender variable (males and females), and there are also no statistically significant differences in quality-of-life ideas according to the gender variable males vs. females. This conclusion was supported by the findings of the study.
Academic rational ideas, quality of life, university students, canonical connection
Exchange Balance Rules in Iraqi Trade Law No. 30 of 1984
Is that the requirements of speed in commercial work raised fears of exposing private interests to danger, so the importance of having controls also emerged, which take into account at the same time the necessity of speed and preserving the interests of others. From here came the idea of ​​balance between the parties to a commercial transaction, and this applies to the morphological rules for commercial papers, or what is expressed as the exchange law, which regulates the provisions of commercial papers, as the Iraqi legislator made special rules regulating the provisions of commercial papers and everything related to them in Articles 39-184, and these rules are governed, in addition to the principles referred to above, by other principles, including formality, independence of signatures, strictness on the debtor to fulfill the amount of the commercial paper, and the principle of self-sufficiency. These last principles, in their entirety, are considered a departure from the general rules in civil law. The importance of the research lies in clarifying the legislative rules that enable knowing the rules of balance between the parties to the morphological relationship in the face of the strictness of the rules against some of the parties to this relationship, as we found it necessary to clarify these rules and what is decided in the interest of any party of the morphological obligation and at any stage of the process. Commitment stages can be applied. Our research also contributed to clarifying the concept and specificity of morphological rules, the legal basis of the morphological obligation, and what are the most important characteristics that characterize this obligation, and finally explaining the morphological rules established for the benefit of each party to the morphological obligation.
Commercial papers, Mortgage obligation, Mortgage obligation rules, Mortgage law, The rule of not adhering to defenses, The principle of self-sufficiency, The principle of resignation of signatures, The principle of strictness to fulfill the morphological obligation
The Role of Enlightened Marketing in Building Customer Insight: An Analytical Study of the Opinions of A Sample of Employees at the Global Smart Card Company (Qi-Card)
This research aims to test the relationship between enlightened marketing and its dimensions (targeted marketing, innovative marketing, value marketing, social marketing, and mission marketing) and building customer insight. The research attempts to answer the research questions about how enlightened marketing can contribute to building customer insight and what the most effective dimensions are to achieve this. Does the company, the research site, rely on the philosophy of enlightened marketing in marketing its services? The global company (Qi Card) was chosen as the site for implementing the research. The research sample consisted of 137 employees in the company who were chosen intentionally. The questionnaire was used to collect data. The research relied on the descriptive analytical approach and a program was used to analyze the research data. The research concluded that there is a relationship of influence and correlation between enlightened marketing and its dimensions in customer insight and that enlightened marketing primarily seeks to achieve the well-being of the consumer and society and add value to products and services in the long term. This can only be achieved by understanding the needs and desires of customers using customer insight.
enlightened marketing; Customer insight; Innovative marketing; Value marketing; Social marketing; Mission marketing.
Brand Building in Light of Hidden Marketing - An Exploratory Study of the Opinions of A Sample of Customers of the Baghdad Soft Drinks Company
The research seeks to discover the nature of the relationship between branding and hidden marketing and understand customers’ response to hidden marketing techniques, as well as provide a practical framework that serves relevant companies to improve brand-building strategies in light of hidden marketing. The problem has been formulated by answering the following question: Is there a role for hidden marketing in building the brand? A random sample of 201 individuals who consumed soft drinks from Pepsi Baghdad Company was chosen. The questionnaire was adopted as a tool for collecting data, and the statistical analysis program SPSS v26 and the Smart PLS4 program were used to analyze the data and reach results. Research The research’s most important conclusion is the existence of a correlation and a moral impact between hidden marketing and brand building. And The most important recommendation is the necessity of enhancing reliance on hidden marketing mechanisms to build a distinct brand.
Intelligent Methods for Estimating Hidden Markov Model Parameters
Hidden Markov models (HMMs) are stochastic models that were initially applied as statistical models for speech and handwriting recognition because of their great ability to adapt to the problem and their skill in dealing with sequential signals. With the development of techniques, tools, and methods for estimating the parameters of the hidden Markov model, attention may turn to smart methods due to their importance and wide use among researchers. Two algorithms were taken, namely the Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) algorithm and the Bees Colony Optimization (BCO) algorithm. They were applied to an important field at present, which is cyber security, where we addressed one of the threats that pose a danger, which is the Advanced Persistent Threat (APT). The results showed the flexibility in dealing with this type of algorithm for cyber security problems by clarifying the nature of the transitions between the two model states and the emissions that come from each hidden state. It is worth noting that a comparison of the results was made using the two comparison standards, Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) and Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC), and we found that the best method was the results of the bee colony algorithm.
Hidden Markov model, ant colony algorithm, bee colony algorithm, cyber security, advanced persistent threat.
The Role of Market Segmentation in Achieving Competitive Advantage Applied Research at the General Company for Leather Industries
This study deals with market segmentation and their role in competitive advantage it concentrates on one section of management levels in the studied company, which is that of administrative managers. The objective of research is to attempt to study and analyses the contribution level of market segmentation and their role in competitive advantage. The study aims at achieving a number of cognitive and applicable goals depending on two major hypotheses and other minor ones I mad use of questionnaire of collecting the data and information relating to the study, which was distributed to a sample of (18) department managers and beads of section state company. In order to process the data , I resorted to many statistical methods , such as the arithmetic mean, the standard deviation, the coefficient link , the slop. The statistical methods have shown a number of results the most obvious of which may be the presence of amoral link between of market segmentation and competitive advantage. As to discussion of results the practical study emphasis on the attention required for the market segmentation dimensions and those of competitive advantage desired
Market segmentation, competitive advantage, market segmentation foundations, segmentation criteria, dimensions of competitive advantage
Utilizing the Error Correction Model to Investigate the Impact of Fluctuations in Bank Deposits on the Money Supply
This paper assesses the impact of changes and fluctuations in bank deposits on the money supply in Iraq. Employing the research constructs an Error Correction Model (ECM) using monthly time series data from 2010 to 2015. The analysis begins with the Phillips-Perron unit root test to ascertain the stationarity of the time series and the Engle and Granger cointegration test to examine the existence of a long-term relationship. Nonparametric regression functions are estimated using two methods: Smoothing Spline and M-smoothing. The results indicate that the M-smoothing approach is the most effective, achieving the shortest adjustment period and the highest adjustment ratio for short-term disturbances, thereby facilitating a return to the long-term equilibrium.
Spline, Engle and Granger, Cointegration, Philips-Perron, M Smoother, ECM.
Various Control Charts to Monitor the Quality of Resistant Cement Production in the Kabaisa Cement Factory for the Year 2023
Control charts are an effective tool for statistical control of production quality processes by drawing samples from the production randomly and at specific time periods. In this research, different control charts were used for the purpose of monitoring the quality of resistant cement production in the Kubaisa Cement Factory, which is located in Al - Anbar Governorate. The weights of bags of cement (resistant cement) (which are measured in kilograms) were monitored using a new packing device, and after monitoring production for a period of (50) days in the months of November and December for a sample size of (5) units per day. The data was recorded on a regular and continuous period, , and the quality of production was examined by applying deferent statistical control charts . these charts are the arithmetic mean chart, the range chart, the standard deviation chart, the moving average chart, the Geometric Moving Average(GMA) chart . and Individual-Moving Range chart .The charts were applied using the statistical program (Minitab), and the results showed that the most of the charts were in control, with some notes.
Control charts, Individual-Moving Range, GMA, Kubaisa Cement Factory.
Data Modeling Using Transmuted Distributions
In this paper, we discussed two distributions (the Lindley Distribution and the Transmuted Lindley Distribution) , in addition to some functions such as the PDF, CDF function, and we discussed some statistical properties such as Moments, the Moment Generating Function, the Coefficient of Variation, Skewness, Kurtosis, and Ordered Statistics. The parameters are estimated via the maximum likelihood method. This paper concluded the importance of the Transmuted Lindley Distribution on the Lindley distribution and on all sample sizes in the simulation side.
Lindley Distribution, Transmuted Lindley Distribution, Moments; Maximum likelihood Method
Heterogeneity of Iraqi Oil Effect on the Global and Local Interest in Wars and Pandemics Crises
Iraq is considered one of the countries that depend mainly on oil production, so the revenues from these resources are assigned in various sectors and fields within the country is the biggest problem. The importance of this research comes from the importance of this sector in terms of production and profits (in wars and epidemics Crises) and its impact on the global oil market and the international economy, this paper examines the effect of changes in oil production and values on Iraq's economic growth to assess its reliance on the crude oil sector. as well as on the local Iraqi economy to shed light on both cases (Corona epidemic in 2020 and the Russian-Ukrainian war in 2022), By analyzing the time series of Iraqi oil (production and prices) separately, and prices and production lines for (Basra and Ceyhan separately and totally) for the extended period (from January-2019 to April-2022) and on a monthly basis using different statistical forecasting methods in terms of stability in production and prices as well as seasonality and forecasting oil prices in the next 2 years where (R) programming language with multi Packages and functions have been used to find best fitted for the selected Box Jenkins (ARIMA) model and studying the homogeneity or heterogeneity of Iraqi oil influence locally by (GDP) and globally on international oil prices, and what are the proposed solutions and decision making to reduce Risks (or losses) and maximize profits as much as and stability in the Iraqi oil policy compared to neighboring countries or the world.
Corona Virus, Russia-Ukraine Conflict, GDP, Forecasting Techniques, ARIMA model, fpp2 forecast package.
Models of Anomalous Diffusion and its analysis
The anomalous diffusion is characterized by deviation from Gaussian statistics and the absence of a linear time dependency in the mean square displacement. This study investigates anomalous diffusion processes that exhibit a power-law growth in mean square displacement as time progresses. The first stage is to create the model using random methods, that is, by using random walks. The following statement describes a continuous-time random walk model represented by a series of convolution-type integral equations depicting probability density functions. Fractional differential equations for time and space are derived from the master equations by choosing probability density functions with infinite first and/or second moments. The obtained model equations are analyzed with respect to elementary boundary value problems in constrained fields. The main focus is on studying elementary boundary value problems related to the generalized fractional time diffusion equation, especially using the fractional Caputo derivative. This equation applies a well-established maximum principle to stochastic partial differential equations of the elliptic and parabolic type (SPDEs). This concept is used to make preliminary estimates of the answer before using it to prove the uniqueness of the solution. To prove the existence of a solution, a clearly defined generalized solution is first generated using the spectroscopic method. Under certain additional circumstances, a comprehensive solution may be considered a solution in the traditional sense.
Anomalous diffusion, mean square displacement(MSD), stochastic partial differential equations, Brownian motion (BM), continuous-time random walk (CTRW) .
The Spectral Envelope Estimate via Dirichlet Kernel Function
In this article the spectral envelope function for a nonstationary time series is estimated by using the Dirichlet kernel function. we divide the time series into a number of segmentations, then the nonstationary problem is solved to reduce its effect. The simulation and the sequence of the nitrogenous bases of the DNA of Escherichia coli bacteria are used to implement the goal of this article.
Received: February, 15, 2024 Accepted: April, 12, 2024 Available Online: December, 31, 2024
A New Statistical Formula for Estimating the Breast Cancer's Median Lethal Dose based on Inverse Weibull Model
This paper estimates the median lethal dose of a two-replicate multivariate biological experiment through a new statistical formula related to the best model among eleven models constructed to describe the relationship of dose-response and time based on the inverse Weibull. The real biological experiment focused on using actual data to biologically cure breast cancer using therapeutic zinc selenide, produced either by a plasma-physically approach or by employing an environmental plant extract (Calgan plant). The unknown parameters associated with the eleven models are estimated using two traditional estimation methods: ordinary least squares and maximum likelihood. Because these estimates could not be determined directly, the Newton-Raphson iterative technique is used. The mean squared error is used to choose the best model. Then, at successive time points, the breast cancer's median lethal dose is calculated. The results clearly show that the mean square error values of maximum likelihood are always lower than those of the ordinary least squares, and the median lethal dose exhibits a decreasing relationship over time. Further, the new procedure for measuring the median lethal dose allows for several estimates with subsequent periods, which allows for several effective concentrations of 50% in the experimental units.
biological experiment, inverse Weibull, median lethal dose, ordinary least square, maximum likelihood.
Classification of Iraqi Children According to Nutritional Status Using Fuzzy Decision Tree
The classification is one of the essential tools used in medical statistics to classify the nutritional status of children under five years. A good nutritional status is necessary for children's health and has a sicnificant role in the child's normal development. Likewise, poor nutritional status is considered a serious disease for this age group and needs attention from child health specialists. Doctors face great difficulty in determining the nutritional status due to the state of uncertainty in the incidence of this disease or the ambiguity in the variables and characteristics of that phenomenon. The fuzzy sets theory was applied to classify the nutritional status of children under the age of five years using fuzzy logic, where the fuzzy decision tree method was employed, and a tree was created for each age group (male, female) based on the linguistic variables (weight, height), and body mass index for the classification categories. In this study, the nutritional status of children was classified and the groups were identified more accurately to reduce the chances of misdiagnosis and provide them with more accurate appropriate treatment to improve the health level of children to build a more immune society with a good health level. The study dealt with a sample of (16487) Iraqi children under 5 years of age, the number of males (8427) and the number of females (8060), divided according to age into 12 categories or groups. The results showed the age groups She was of normal weight in varying proportions.
Fuzzy Logic, nutritional status, Fuzzy Decision Tree, Classification ambiguity, Defuzzification.
Studying the Effect of Spatial Variable on Kidney Failure Data in Baghdad for the SAC Model
In this paper, the effect of the spatial variable of kidney failure in Baghdad is studied using the general spatial autoregressive model (SAC), where the model was applied to the regular and modified spatial adjacency matrices and according to the adjacency criterion (Rook), using the estimation method represented by the maximum likelihood method, as it included the dependent variable (Y) is the number of people with creatinine in the blood, and the explained variables represent their levels after agreement with the specialized doctors as follows: (X1: Age, X2: Diabetes , X3:High blood pressure, X4: Gender, X5: Smoking). The most important results were that the data suffers from the effect of the spatial variable. It turns out that the modified spatial adjacency matrix (Rook) (Wadj) is the best in order to obtain the lowest standard value, and that the variables (X2, X3, X5) have a significant impact on Kidney failure disease in Baghdad.
General spatial regression model, spatial adjacency matrix, Rook adjacency criterion, Maximum likelihood method.
Time Statistical Analysis in the Study of Population Change Process
The optimal population and the right political approach to achieving it are today a big concern of governments, especially developing countries. The uncontrolled increase in population can pose a variety of challenges for any country. In the meantime, unlike educational and health restrictions, one of the most important issues on which population change can be problematic is the economic path. Iraq will be a developing country due to the war and the problems it has faced in recent decades. So in this article, we examined the impact of population age structure on economic growth and in the period 2019-2021. The time series was used to do this research. The results of this study indicate that the ratio of population dependence, which indicates the state of population structure, has a negative and significant impact on economic growth.
Age structure- population change trend- time series- economic growth
Using Statistical Non-Linear Filters for Gaussian Carina Nebula Image Denoising
Noise affects images by distorting the features or reducing the required information. Gaussian noise is one of many types of noise that are characterized by normal distribution's statistical properties. Removing or reducing this noise is an essential step in image processing. James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) is a crucial tool for advancing our understanding of the universe across various domains. The images taken by the (JWST) are not only scientifically valuable for advancing our understanding but also have the potential to captivate and inspire people around the world. In this paper, we introduce several nonlinear filters, including Non-Local Mean (NLM) which gives weights to the pixels based on the distance from the noisy pixel. A Bilateral filter that gives weights for each pixel and then calculates the weighted distance. Propose a nonlinear filter depends on obtaining an appropriate smoothing parameter for the image by using the plug-in method and using it to estimate the image's density function, then using an appropriate noise reduction method on the estimated density function to extract the denoised image by removing the Gaussian noise from the Carina Nebula Image, the first image taken by (JWST) on 12 July 2022. The importance of this image lies in its potential to advance scientific knowledge, showcase technological prowess, inspire the public, and contribute to the broader mission of exploring and understanding the cosmos, Also, since it is the farthest point in the universe that humanity has been able to reach or take pictures of, it is therefore essential to preserve its quality to study all its elements or details. These nonlinear filters were therefore selected to highlight the significance of selecting the right technique that can handle, process, and preserve as many details as possible. They also elucidate the degree of advancement achieved in denoising and the distinction between the classical filters and the more sophisticated ones that have evolved to handle finer details. These filters consider the similarities and distances between the central pixel and its neighbours, they preserve the edges of the image as advanced features. Based on quality measurements Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) and Structural similarity index measure (SSIM), the filter results were compared and show that the proposed filter gives high performance in restoring images under different Gaussian noise densities. Where it gives values of (42.51) and (0.99) for (PSNR) and (SSIM) respectively, then the bilateral filter gives (30.65) and (0.93) respectively.
Image Denoising; Image Restoration; Gaussian Noise; Non-Local Means Filter; Bilateral Filter.
Some Methods for Estimating the Parameters of A New Generalized Gamma- Weibull Distribution
In this paper, four different estimation methods are presented to estimate distribution parameters of A New Generalized Gamma-Weibull Distribution (NGGW) it represented Maximum Likelihood Method (ML), Weighted Least Square Method (WLS) , Power Density Method (PD), and Mean Standard Deviation Method (MSD). In order to obtain the best results, the study compared the estimation methods by applying the Monte Carlo simulation method using the Wolfram Mathematica 13 program. Several experiments were conducted with different sample sizes (n=20,50,100 and 250), and the results showed the superiority of the maximum potential method in finding estimates of distribution parameters compared to the rest of the methods used in this paper.
A New Generalized Gamma- Weibull estimation, simulation, the higher gamma function, rth moment, Skewness, kurtosis, Flexible, Survival Function, Hazard function.
A Proposed Bayesian Estimation of Transitional Probability for a Markov Chain with Random Times via Swarm Algorithm
The transition matrix estimators of the Markov chain are not accurate and the transition matrix is considered given. There are many methods that are used to estimate the transition probabilities matrix for different cases, the most famous of which is the Maximum Likelihood Method, in order to find a good and new estimator for the transition probabilities matrix of the Markov chain, a method was proposed, which is a modification of the Bayes method, to reach the transition probabilities with the least variance. This method assumes that the values of in the initial probability are estimated by two methods: Maximum Likelihood Method (MLE), and the algorithm of particle swarm (PSO), The Escherichia Coli (E.Coli) gene chain was chosen as an applied aspect of the study due to its importance in medical research and for the purpose of discovering and manufacturing treatments by knowing the final form of its gene chain. After testing the E.Coli gene chain, it was found that is represents a Markov chain, and then both the transition probabilities matrix and the transition probabilities variance were estimated, and it was found that the proposed method for transitional probabilities is better than the method of greatest possibility depending on the variance.
Transitional probabilities, Markov chain, MLE, Bayes, PSO, DNA.
Comparison of CNN and SVM Approaches for Classifying Time Series of Caenorhabditis Elegans Motion
Studying the motion of some roundworms types such as Caenorhabditis elegans (CE) is important to identify the actions and reactions and their effects of worm’s life. In this study, the time series of CE motion represented by the angles of wave-motion between 1 to 177 degrees will be the case study. Each observation of this time series is a recorded frame (0.5 second) of 2.5 hours video of CE motion. A convolutional neural network (CNN) as one of deep learning techniques will be used to classify CE motion as dependent variable in binary cases based on the images of the angles of wave-motion as explanatory variable. The images of motion angles are imagined and designed by two dimensions image corresponding to every observation. These images combined into 4-d image (four dimensions matrix) to represent univariate explanatory variable. Support vector machine (SVM) will be also used to classify the angles of CE. In these types of data, the nonlinearity and uncertainty will be the most probably problems as reasons for in accurate classifications. CNN and SVM used with this type of dataset to improve the classification results. The results of comparisons explain that CNN approach outperforms SVM absolutely. In conclusion, CNN approach can be used to classify this type of time series with accurate results.
Caenorhabditis elegans (CE), Time series, Classification, Autoregressive (AR), Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), Support Vector Machine (SVM).