Legal Threats Arising from the Military Use of Satellites in International Conflicts: A Comparative Study of the Domestic Legislation of Russia, the United States, and Iraq

Abstract

This study examines the domestic legislation of Russia, the United States, and Iraq and how it responds to the legal challenges arising from the military use of satellites in international conflicts.

The results showed that the space domain is no longer limited to scientific and peaceful uses, but has turned into a complex conflict environment in which space technologies are used for reconnaissance, surveillance, and military operations of an offensive and defensive nature.

This shift poses profound legal challenges concerning the determination of international responsibility, the limits of legitimate use, and mechanisms for oversight and accountability. The study concludes that it is essential to develop national legislative frameworks that are consistent with international space law and international humanitarian law. This ensures the reduction of escalating legal risks and achieves a balance between national security and the requirements of international peace and security.